31^st International Conference on Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience February 22-23, 2021 Barcelona, Spain

Dementia is usually caused by degeneration in the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain responsible for thoughts, memories, actions, and personality. Death of brain cells in this region leads to the cognitive impairments that characterise dementia. Causes of dementia include head injury, brain tumours, infections, hormone disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, drug abuse, or chronic alcoholism. Unfortunately, most disorders associated with dementia are progressive, degenerative and irreversible. The two major degenerative causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia Multiple neuropathologic processes may underlie dementia, including both neurodegenerative diseases and vascular disease. Dementia is most common in elderly individuals, with advancing age being the strongest risk factor.

Vascular dementia is the broad term for dementia associated with problems of circulation of blood to the brain. Vascular brain injury (VBI) is widely recognized as a common cause of cognitive impairment (vascular cognitive impairment) culminating in vascular dementia. Most vascular dementia cases are sporadic and share risk factors with peripheral vascular disease. Vascular dementia is not a single disease; it is a group of syndromes relating to different vascular mechanisms.

A Neurodegenerative disease includes Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and the prion maladies, are genetically and pathologically linked to aberrant protein aggregation. AD, the most common type of dementia, is typically sporadic; however, rare mutations in several genes confer early onset. Release of the aggregation-prone peptides Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 by endoproteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is associated with AD through an unknown mechanism that appears to be associated with Aβ aggregation. Typically, individuals who carry AD-linked mutations present with clinical symptoms during their fifth or sixth decade, while sporadic cases appear after the seventh decade. Although aggregation-mediated neurodegeneration emerges late in life, it is unclear whether this late onset is mechanistically linked to the aging process. Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex.

Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It preceded the current disciplines of psychiatry and neurology.  However, psychiatry and neurology subsequently split apart and are typically practiced separately. Nevertheless, Neuropsychiatry has become a growing subspecialty of psychiatry and it is also closely related to the fields of neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, addresses clinical problems of cognition and/or behaviour caused by brain injury or brain disease. The division’s neuropsychiatry works collaboratively with the department’s neurologists to treat and manage the emotional and cognitive symptoms of neurological diseases. Such symptoms can include depression, anxiety, psychosis, hallucinations, and/or cognitive loss. Treatment can include psychotherapy and/or medication.

Neurological Nursing is a very challenging nursing specialty dealing with assessment, nursing diagnosis, and management of many neurological disorders for which nurses provide patient care. They are expected to work at health care clinics, hospitals and Intensive rehabilitation and brain injury units assisting complex Neuro surgeries, or with procedures in Neurointerventional Radiology and even in Clinic research areas. This includes trauma, brain injuries, stroke, seizures, tumours, headaches, infections, and aneurysms, as well as a host of other neurological complexities.

A drug used to treat Neuropsychiatric, Neuropsychological, or Nervous-system disorders. Neuro-pharmaceutics focuses on identification of therapeutic targets, and then translating those discoveries into drug and therapy development. Research in Neuropharmaceutics includes: drug discovery for limiting high frequency activity in Epilepsy; drug transport proteins that control drug distribution to target tissues; spinal delivery of analgesics to chronic pain treatment; drugs for the treatment of depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; intranasal delivery methods for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease; development of strategies to evaluate therapeutics on preclinical models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease; anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD and other age-related dementias; and development of analgesic agents for chronic pain.

It is an older term for the treatment of disorders that affect the nervous system which psychological, psychiatric, and nervous disorders. Neurotherapeutics is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on experimental treatments of neurological disorders. There is a profound increase in the diagnostics procedure and drug discovery in the field of Neurology. It includes Stem cells and treatment, Nerve injury and repair Clinical Case report, Neurogenesis, cell and gene based approach and Neurotransmitter release and cell repair.

The classic Neuro pathological signs of Cognitive disorders are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Plaques consist largely of the protein fragment beta-amyloid. This fragment is produced from a "parent" molecule called amyloid precursor protein. Tangles consist of tau, a protein normally involved in maintaining the internal structure of the nerve cell. While tau is normally modified by phosphorylation, or the attachment of phosphate molecules, excessive phosphorylation appears to contribute to tangle formation and prevents the protein from carrying out its normal functions. Oxidative stress, or damage to cellular structures by toxic oxygen molecules called free radicals, is also regarded as a pathology characteristic of Alzheimer’s. Individuals with Alzheimer’s typically experience brain inflammation. Many of the oldest patients with Alzheimer’s show signs of cerebrovascular disease in addition to "classic" Alzheimer's neuropathology.

When nerve cells in the brain are damaged, they can no longer send information to each other in the normal way. This causes changes in the person's behaviour and abilities. Individuals with a moderate-to-severe brain injury often have problems in basic cognitive (thinking) skills such as paying attention, concentrating, and remembering new information and events. They may think slowly, speak slowly and solve problems slowly and confused easily when normal routines are changed or when things become too noisy or hectic around them. They may have speech and language problems, such as trouble finding the right word or understanding others. After brain injury, a person may have trouble with all the complex cognitive activities necessary to be independent and competent in our complex world. The brain processes large amounts of complex information all the time that allows us to function independently in our daily lives. This activity is called executive function because it means being the executive or being in charge of one's own life.

To understand the relationship between conscious mental states and brain activity, we must make progress in three distinct areas. To be conscious is to be awake (rather than in a dreamless sleep, or unconscious) and so we must understand the neural mechanisms associated with changes in level of consciousness. But when we are awake, our conscious states are individuated by their content, which has a particular subjective feel. We therefore need to understand the neural underpinnings of conscious content, and how such representations in the brain are distinguished from merely unconscious processing. And finally humans (and possibly some other animals) are self-aware and able to make introspective judgments about their perception and action. Understanding the neural correlates of such metacognitive ability is also required.

Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are (at least eventually) very dangerous and life-threatening (astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumors are among the many examples of these.

Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.

Neurosurgery is a specialized area of neurology, which is the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries affecting the brain, spinal cord an nervous system. Many earn high incomes for their expertise, but such benefits are accompanied by a number of day-to-day challenges. The daily life of Neurosurgeons is extremly complex and demanding, with rapidly changing tasks and responsibilities, assesing and diagnosing the patients. Without these eminent people the field of Neurology and the treatment for the disorders wouldn't be as bright as now.

There are 2 main techniques in cognitive rehabilitation remediation and compensatory approaches. CR is designed to stimulate new learning, or relearning, of cognitive tasks, and thus, to improve domains of deficit. Compensatory approaches seek to make improvements in the patient’s functioning by avoiding areas of impairment and recruiting other intact cognitive domains or by creating a supportive external environment.

Mental health deals with absence of mental illness or psychological wellbeing. If someone in psychological state it shows functioning at a behavioral adjustment and satisfactory level of emotional. From the positive psychology, mental health may include an individual's ability for life, and create the balance between psychological resilience and life activities.

Robotic or Robot-Assisted Surgery integrates advanced computer technology with the experience of the skilled surgeons. This technology provides the surgeon with a 10x magnified, high-definition, 3D-image of the body's intricate anatomy. The surgeon uses controls in the console to manipulate special surgical instruments that are smaller, as well as more flexible and manoeuvrable than the human hand. The robot replicates the surgeon's hand movements, while minimizing hand tremors. The surgeon thus can operate with enhanced precision, dexterity and control even during the most complex procedures. Robotic surgery is the recent new advanced technique in the field of Neurosurgery.

Neuroscience is a multidisciplinary science that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It encompasses the evolution, development, cellular and molecular biology, physiology, anatomy and pharmacology of the nervous system, as well as computational, behavioural and cognitive neuroscience.

Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by decline from an attained level of cognitive functioning mainly when physical changes occurs in brain, such as after neurological and mental illness, drug use, or brain injury. The two major degenerative causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.  Dementia is usually caused by degeneration in the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain responsible for thoughts, memories, actions, and personality. Death of brain cells in this region leads to the cognitive impairments that characterise dementia. Vascular dementia is the broad term for dementia associated with problems of circulation of blood to the brain.

Migraine is a neurological condition that can cause multiple symptoms. It's frequently characterized by intense, debilitating headaches. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, difficulty speaking, numbness or tingling, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines often run in families and affect all ages.